Objective: The present study aims to investigate associations of TMI with aggression, DV perpetration, and emotional competence, while also examining emotional competence as a potential moderator. However, the interactions between these constructs remains unclear. Emotional competence further constitutes an important role in TMI and the prevention of DV. Gender role constructs, such as traditional masculinity ideologies (TMI), are broadly accepted as an explanation for this effect. Gendered social–contextual factors should be integrated into public health interventions to increase college men’s HPV vaccination uptake.īackground: Men are disproportionately often perpetrators of physical domestic violence (DV). Men with higher self-reliance masculinity are more sensitive to gendered social–contextual effects in HPV vaccination decision-making. Men with higher self-reliance masculinity had higher HPV vaccination intentions with a man physician and when they perceived greater vaccination among men (ps ≤. 016) were associated with higher HPV vaccination intentions.

Descriptive norms and favorable prototypes (bs ≥. In Study 2, college men (N = 106 Mage = 19.32 white = 61.3%) were randomly assigned to receive HPV vaccination information from a man or woman physician-avatar. In Study 1, college men (N = 130 Mage = 19.55 white = 58.1%) reported their social cognitions (male-referent descriptive norms and prototypes), self-reliance masculinity ideology, and vaccination intentions. Men’s low HPV vaccination uptake and HPV-related disease incidence are public health issues gendered social–contextual factors likely play a role. Physician gender did not influence behavioral willingness for unprotected sex, rather more masculine men were more willing to engage in sex that would put them atrisk for HPV, consistent with former research on masculinity and risky sexual behavior (Mahalik et al., 2006 Pleck et al., 1993 Shearer et al., 2005). With man physicians, masculine men may want to appear more 'tough' during symptom disclosure to preserve precarious manhood (a belief that masculinity can be 'lost' through engaging in behaviors inconsistent with masculinity Vandello & Bosson, 2013), but draw upon stereotyped beliefs and adhere to a man physician's recommendations over a woman physician's recommendations. Research exploring a different health outcome, college men's willingness to disclose symptoms in a medical appointment, showed the opposite, such that men higher in masculinity were more willing to disclose medical symptoms when randomly assigned to a woman (versus man) experimenter (Himmelstein & Sanchez, 2016). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)

In summary, the precarious manhood hypothesis can integrate and explain a wide range of male behaviors and phenomena related to the male gender role. We further consider how work on precarious manhood differs from, and can add to, work on individual differences in men's gender role conflict. We review research on the implications of men's precarious gender status across the domains of risk-taking, aggression, stress and mental health, and work–life balance. This can motivate a variety of risky and maladaptive behaviors, as well as the avoidance of behaviors that might otherwise prove adaptive and beneficial. Because of this, men experience more anxiety over their gender status than women do, particularly when gender status is uncertain or challenged. Compared with womanhood, which is typically viewed as resulting from a natural, permanent, and biological developmental transition, manhood must be earned and maintained through publicly verifiable actions. This article reviews evidence that manhood is seen as a precarious social status that is both difficult to achieve and tenuously held.

Misplaced notion definition